Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter 1. Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Normal and Ideal Occlusion
Normal Occlusion in the Primary Dentition
Angle Classification of Malocclusion
Angle Class I Malocclusion
Class I Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions
Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Angle Class II Division 2 Malocclusion
Class II Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions
End-to-End Occlusions
Angle Class III Malocclusion
Class III Malocclusions in Primary and Mixed Dentitions
Super Class I Malocclusion
Super Class II and Super Class III Malocclusions
Subdivision Malocclusions
Class II Subdivision Malocclusions
Class III Subdivision Malocclusions9
Class II-III Subdivision Malocclusion
Incisor Compensations in Class II and Class III Malocclusions
Iowa Notation System for Angle Classification
Rules for Assigning Angle Classification
Rating the Severity of a Malocclusion
Orthodontic Records
Clinical Examination
Summary of Findings, Problem List, and Diagnosis
Consultation with Patient and/or Parent
Chapter 2. Dental Impressions and Study Cast Trimming
Study Casts
Digital Casts
Alginate Impressions
Mandibular Impression
Record of Centric Occlusion
Pouring of Plaster Study Casts
Study Cast Trimming
Chapter 3. Dental Cast Analysis in Adults
Tooth Size-Arch Length Analysis
The Measurement of Tooth Size and Arch Length
Factors Influencing a Tooth Size-Arch Length Analysis
Curve of Spee
Incisor Inclination and Anteroposterior Position
Second and Third Molar Evaluation
Comparison of TSALD and the Irregularity Index
Arch Width Measurements
Diagnostic Setup
Bolton Analysis
Overbite and Overjet Measurements
Mandibular Crowding
Tooth Widths in Normal Occlusion
Chapter 4. Dental Cast Analysis in the Mixed Dentition
Tooth Size-Arch Length Analysis
Prediction of the Widths of Nonerupted Canines and Premolars
Revised Hixon-Oldfather Prediction Method
Iowa Prediction Method for Both Arches
Standard Error of Estimate
Radiograph Image Problems
Proportional Equation Prediction Method
Tanaka and Johnston Prediction Method
Measurement of Arch Lengths on Casts
Measurement Instruments and Guidelines
Factors that Influence a Mixed-Dentition Arch Length Analysis
Interpretation of a Mixed-Dentition Arch Length Analysis
Chapter 5. Radiographic Analysis
Periapical Survey
Panoramic Radiograph
Occlusal Radiographs
Cone Beam Radiographs
Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs
Anatomic Landmarks
Cephalometric Landmarks
Cephalometric Point Locations
Cephalometric Angles and Distances
Cephalometric Norms and Treatment Goals
Lateral Cephalometric Tracing
Posteroanterior Cephalometric Radiograph
Analog versus Digital Radiography
Chapter 6. Lingual and Palatal Arches
Incisor Liability and Leeway Space
Passive Lower Lingual Holding Arch
Prevalence of Incisor Crowding
Premature Loss of a Primary Molar
Asymmetric Loss of a Primary Canine
Nance Holding Arch
Trans-palatal Arch
Insertion of a Passive Lingual or Palatal Arch
Fixed-Removable Lingual and Palatal Arches
Undesirable Side Effects of Passive and Active Lingual and Palatal Arches
Laboratory Prescription and Construction of a Lower Loop Lingual Arch
Chapter 7. Management of Anterior Crossbites
Prevalence of Anterior Crossbite Malocclusions
Angle Classification
Centric Relation to Centric Occlusion Functional Shift on Closure
Overbite
Adequate Arch Length
Inclination of Maxillary Incisor Roots
Rotation of Tooth in Crossbite
Number of Teeth in Crossbite
Alignment of Lower Anterior Teeth
Treatment of Anterior Crossbites with Removable Appliances
Treatment of Anterior Crossbites with Fixed Appliances
Construction of a Removable Maxillary Appliance to Close a Diastema and Correct a Lateral Incisor in Crossbite
Chapter 8. Management of Posterior Crossbites
Definition of Posterior Crossbite
Prevalence of Posterior Crossbite Malocclusions
Angle Classification
Intermolar Width Measurements
Age of Patient
Buccolingual Inclination of the Posterior Teeth
Etiology of Bilateral and Unilateral Posterior Crossbites
Vertical Dimension
Treatment of Posterior Crossbites
Correction of Posterior Crossbites with Removable Appliances
Correction of Posterior Crossbites with Fixed Expander Appliances
Chapter 9. Management of Incisor Diastemas
Prevalence of Maxillary Diastemas
Etiologic Factors to Consider
Size of Teeth and Bolton Analysis
Arch Size
Maxillary Labial Frenum
Rotated Incisors
Thumb Sucking Habit
Angle Classification
Management with Appliances
Treatment of a Diastema with a Removable Loop Spring Appliance
Treatment of a Diastema with a Finger Spring Removable Appliance
Treatment of a Diastema with Fixed Appliances
Chapter 10. Molar Uprighting and Space Gaining
Introduction
Ectopic Eruption of Permanent First Molars
Uprighting Molars in the Mixed Dentition
Ectopic Eruption of Upper First Molars
Ectopic Eruption and Tipping of Lower First Molars
Mesial Tipping of Permanent Molars after Loss of a First Molar
Prevention of Molar Tipping after Loss of a First Molar
Impaction of Second Molars
Loss of Both First and Second Molars
T-Loop Uprighting Spring and Edgewise Fixed Appliance
Forces Generated by the T-Loop Uprighting Spring
Patient Treated with a T-Loop Uprighting Spring
Helical Uprighting Spring
Forces Generated by the Helical Uprighting Spring
Patient Treated with a Helical Uprighting Spring
Other Appliances Used to Upright Molars
Repositioning of Teeth Prior to Prosthetic Restoration
Chapter 11. Orthodontic Examination and Decision Making for the Family Dentist
Introduction
Orthodontic Screening
Guidelines for Decision Making
Differentiate Class I Problems Suitable for Limited Orthodontic Treatment from More Complex Class I Problems
Pretreatment Records
Patient 1
Patient 2
Patient 3
Patient 4
Patient 5
Patient 6
Patient 7
Patient 8
Patient 9
Treatment Records
Patient 1
Patient 2
Patient 3
Patient 4
Patient 5
Patient 6
Patient 7
Patient 8
Patient 9
Chapter 12. How Orthodontic Appliances Move Teeth
Introduction
Biomechanics
Newton's First Law
Newton's Second Law
The Keys to Understanding the Delivery of Orthodontic Forces
General Displacements of Rigid Bodies
The Limitations of Illustrating Three-Dimensional Tooth Movements in Two-Dimensional Figures
Translation of a Tooth in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance
How a Tooth Is Translated in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance
Rotation of a Tooth in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance
Newton's Third Law
Chapter 13. The Edgewise Fixed Appliance
Introduction
The Edgewise Appliance
Arch Wires
Bands
Separators
Fitting a Band
Cementing a Band
Band Cements
Removal of Bands
Bonding of Brackets
Anatomic Considerations
The Straight Wire Appliance
Bracket and Molar Tube Placement
Direct and Indirect Bonding
Removal of Brackets from Teeth
Arch Form
Chapter 14. Retention Appliances
Introduction
Invisible Retainers
Essex Retainers
Basic Retainer Design
Wire-Bending Skills
Maxillary Labial Bow Bending
Ball Clasp
C-Clasp
Adams Clasp
Resta Clasp
Mandibular Labial Bow
Acrylicing Retainers
Acrylic Finishing and Polishing
Chapter 15. Orthodontic Materials
Introduction
Orthodontic Wires
Stainless Steel Wires
Sensitization
Cold Working
Recovery Heat Treatment
Annealing
Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Wires
Beta-Titanium Wires
Nickel-Titanium Wires
Physical Properties of Orthodontic Wires
Electric Welding
Flame Soldering
Electric Soldering
Index
Ofertas